Austrian society for concrete and construction, international partner access. Cast insitu concrete tunnel linings and temporary ground support. European specification for sprayed concrete association house, 99 west street, farnham, surrey, gu9 7en, uk tel. According to the sprayed concrete association other terms used include gunite, shot concrete and shotcrete. Sprayed concrete lined scl tunnels are growing rapidly in popularity due to their versatility. Stresses in sprayed concrete lined tunnel junctions. Shotcrete services offers multiple tunneling services, from portal stabilisation and shaft sinking, through to full design and construction of scl sprayed concrete lined tunnels. Since then the design has gone through riba d to riba f and issue for construction design stages. This paper introduces the scope of the work, how c121 set. Hanson uk hs2 capabilities hanson uk 14 castle hill, maidenhead, berkshire sl6 4jj t. This guide considers the implications of the use of sprayed concrete support methods in soft ground in urban areas and provides guidance on how the associated risks of this method can be minimised. Pdf design of sprayed concrete lining in soft ground a uk.
These include techniques such as bored tunnels using tunnel boring machines tbms, sprayed concrete lined tunnels, tunnels constructed by. Eng mice, ghd, brisbane, queensland, australia the david wallis lecture mark leggett, bts chair bond street station upgrade and the application of smuti. Over the last 20 years he has been involved in many of the recent major tunnelling projects such as the. Pdf the low mobilisation cost and flexibility of geometry that sprayed concrete allows means that sprayed concrete linings scl are now almost always. T raditional methods of sprayed concrete lining scl tunnels in soft ground comprise a temporary primary lining of sprayed concrete with a sheet membrane. Sprayed concrete linings can be formed as and when required, and to a wide range of profiles. Sprayed concrete is the method by which concrete is sprayed into place, rather than the more conventionally used pouring or placing into formwork. The association has grown considerably to include materials manufacturers, equipment suppliers and academia. Crossrails first spray concrete lined tunnels completed. In this paper, a numerical model previously calibrated against such. Applications of cellular sprayed concrete at tunnel portals. Case histories including design, scheduling and costs aspects and future developments numerous case histories must be available.
Numerical analysis and capacity evaluation of composite. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. At t5 morgan sindall used a sprayed concrete lining method called lasershell for the first time. The design and construction of both hard rock and soft ground tunnels has been revolutionised by the advent of the scl method and now the use of permanent sprayed concrete linings has unlocked the true potential of the method to minimise construction costs and times. Sprayed concrete is used to provide temporary support for tunnels through weak rock, stabilising the rock by filling crack and openings it also seals the surface, preventing water ingress. Waterproofing of permanent sprayed concrete tunnel linings with sprayed membranes in a continuous sandwich structure has been attempted since 2000 and has seen increased use in some countries. Sprayapplied membranes for waterproofing of sprayed concrete tunnels have led to the possibility of shear transfer between primary and secondary linings through the membrane interface, with potential for reducing overall lining thickness. Epc synthetic fibre reinforced sprayed concrete linings. Moisture transport through sprayed concrete tunnel linings. Sprayed concrete is a structural material which can be used to provide both temporary immediate ground support and a permanent tunnel lining.
An excellent introduction to the design and construction of sprayed concrete lined scl tunnels, covering all aspects of scl tunnelling from the constituents of sprayed concrete to detailed design and management during construction. Practising engineers on site, in the design office or in client organizations will find this book an excellent introduction to the design and construction of sprayed concrete lined scl tunnels. Sprayed concrete shotcrete is concrete conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. For the longest times, tunnels were built using sprayed concrete lining a. It can be impacted onto any type or shape of surface including vertical or overhead areas. Monitoring of sprayed concrete lined tunnels using fibre. Geotechnical engineering 161 issue ge3 evaluation of innovative sprayedconcretelined tunnelling jones et al. The main function of a sprayed membrane from a waterproofing perspective is to provide crack bridging and hence prevent flow of liquid water into the tunnel through cracks and imperfections. Role profile tunnel engineer pdf book online select one of servers for direct link. Furthermore, the use of sprayed concrete as a final tunnel lining solution was proposed as a viable alternative to concrete linings in the feasibility studies that preceded the forthcoming implementation phase. Sprayed concrete association sprayed concrete association was formed in 1976 by a small group of sprayed concrete contractors. Sprayed concrete the most important element in ground support sprayed concrete technology has revolutionized tunnel construction and mining operations since the middle of the 20th century. Large cavities are often spray filled, for instance.
The natm design and construction principles are examined with specific reference to london clay. Sprayed concrete is also used in the new austrian tunnelling method natm to. Laboratory tests have shown a reasonable degree of composite action in beam specimens. The low mobilisation cost and flexibility of geometry that sprayed concrete allows means that sprayed concrete linings scl are now almost always used for short lengths of tunnel, tunnels of. In recent years tunnel strengthening and rehabilitation has become an increasing element of our turnover as the brick rail and canal tunnel infrastructure deteriorates. Pdf stresses in sprayed concrete lined tunnel junctions. Evaluation of innovative sprayedconcretelined tunnelling. The paper will start with brief overview of past soft ground scl tunnel design. Constant improvements in shotcrete are supporting the development of sprayed concrete lining, which continues to gain prominence in the tunnelling segment designed initially to be used as a temporary structure, the method has gone from being used mainly in hydroelectric projects, scandinavia and the uk, to gain global acceptance sprayed concrete lining sees the spraying shotcrete in layers. Technical and practical aspects on sprayed concrete for underground structures. Sprayed concrete has confirmed and strength ened its position alongside tunnel segment lining tubbing and. Concrete linings in segmentally lined tunnels are designed with longterm load conditions with the adoption of appropriate safety factors.
Monitoring of sprayed concrete lined tunnels using fibre bragg grating sensors m brunton, j preston, be whelan monitor optics systems pty. Hanson uk has 20 years of experience in producing specific mix of c40 concrete, with a minimum cement content of 400kgm3, a watercement. Design of sprayed concrete linings in soft ground a crossrail. Sprayed concrete lined tunnels alun thomas october 2008. There are many applications and uses for sprayed concrete. Garshol basf construction chemicals 23700 chagrin blvd. A durable sprayed concrete lining is defined as one that. Sprayed concrete is the process of projecting wet concrete through a nozzle with compressed air. Sprayed concrete lining is a wellestablished method for large diameter tunnel construction throughout the uk, sometimes described as the natm new austrian tunnelling method. To ensure the sprayed concrete lining acts monolithically, there is a requirement for a bond between the spray waterproof membrane and the primary and secondary linings. The acceptance and use of sprayed concrete is now worldwide. Everything you ever wanted to know about immersed tube. What are the differences between segmentally lined tunnels.
Workshop on sprayed concrete in underground structures 2728 february 2014 at new delhi objective. Sprayed concrete linings natm for tunnels in soft ground. Sprayed concrete lining scl tunnelling contractors terra. These values are then coupled to the grayscale in the image files created by the system. The development of material science and performance together with advances in spraying equipment technology have made sprayed concrete the building. With the improvement in shotcrete technology, advancement in tunneling equipment and cost and time effectiveness, future water tunnels built for hydropower projects will consist of rock support with the extensive use of shotcrete lining in combination with. Sprayed concrete lined tunnels using and a sprayed. This site does not host pdf files all document are the property of their respective owners. The works are part of construction for crossrail liverpool street station.
Crossrail sprayed concrete linings crossrail learning legacy. We produce aggregates crushed rock, sand and gravel, readymixed concrete, asphalt, cement and cementrelated materials. Early applications of sprayed concrete were for reinforced concrete repair work. Sprayed concrete lined tunnels 2nd edition alun thomas. Primarysecondary lining interactions for sprayed concrete lined tunnels using spray applied waterproofing membranes jiang su, principal engineer, aecom modelling the building response to tunnelling in sand dr giorgia giardin, research associate, university of cambridge a tunnel s journey from initial risk exposures to the insurance. The processes allow complex shapes and structures to be formed without the high costs associated with formwork. Sprayed concrete lining composite design philosophy in recent years, the design philosophy for a sprayed concrete lined tunnel shell has changed.
There are several waterproof membranes on the market that can achieve this bond, as well as other testing parameters defined by the specifications. Abstract the last few years, several projects have been successfully lined by sprayed concrete with an embedded doublebonded sprayapplied membrane. Shotcrete undergoes placement and compaction at the same time due to the force with which it is projected from the nozzle. The projects first two sprayed concrete tunnels have been constructed under finsbury circus in the city of london.
With a daily average of more than 155,000 passengers using bond street station, crossail is intended to provide better transportation to the heart of londons west end and one of the busiest shopping districts in the united kingdom. Sprayed concrete will form an integral part of the temporary and permanent rock support systems that will be installed. The secondary lining was assumed to take all longterm loads, with no load sharing between sacrificial primary and permanent secondary linings. The 20 edition of the sprayed concrete guideline is the third revision of the sprayed concrete guideline first published by the austrian concrete society in 1989 part i application and 1992 part 2 testing. Hanson uk was chosen as the concrete supplier to line the 1,400m higham tunnel and the 2,129m strood tunnel on behalf of network rail. The basic difference between segmentally lined tunnels and scl tunnels is that the sprayed concrete in scl tunnel is used for temporary linings only.
He has been involved in promoting the use of permanent sprayed concrete, fibre reinforcement and sprayapplied waterproof membranes. Roughness evaluation in shotcretelined water tunnels with. Design of scl tunnel using sprayed waterproofing membrane in soft ground abstract over the last twenty years, sprayed concrete lined scl tunnels have seen rapid development from the traditional double shell method, through the more recent single shell. This technique involved an application of several layers starting with a primary lining of sprayed concrete over a membrane and was topped with a permanent layer of concrete lining over reinforced steel bars. Way more information than you ever wanted on how to fell a tree. The permanent sprayed concrete lining scl approach to tunnel design and construction represents substantially different system properties than traditional lining systems. This method comprises the staged excavation of the tunnel using mechanical excavation and the application of sprayed concrete to the excavated surfaces to provide ground. Most of the existing roughness estimation methods for water tunnels are related to either unlined or concretesteellined tunnels. Lined unreinforced tunnels in austria, switzerland, and. Historically, sprayed concrete lined scl tunnels were usually designed so that the primary lining takes all shortterm loads and then degrades to gray rock in the long term. Abstract this paper outlines the use of monitor optics systems mos fibre bragg grating fbg sensor cables for convergence monitoring in tunnels made from sprayed concrete lining scl. Fire testing of a composite sprayed concrete lined scl. Introduction in june 2009 mott macdonald undertook the framework design package c121 for the design of all sprayed concrete lined scl tunnels for the crossrail project. Originally a tunnel would have been typically designed with a temporary primary lining, sheet waterproof membrane and a cast insitu secondary lining containing polypropylene fibres to take the.
Sprayed concrete lined tunnels using and a sprayed waterproofing membrane the background. Rab rail alignment and benefits study previously known as railyard alternatives and i280 boulevard feasibility study scl sprayed concrete lined a type of construction of tunnels seisseir supplemental environmental impact statementreport sem sequential excavation method a type of construction of tunnels. The complex behaviour of the early age behaviour of the sprayed concrete requires careful management. Sprayed concrete technology has revolutionized tunnel.
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